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Glossary of Geology Terms
beginning with letter O
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oil field
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noun
  1. An area under which are reserves of petroleum; especially one with productive oil wells
oil sand
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noun
  1. (geology) a relatively loose sandstone, or porous carbonate rock, impregnated with bitumen
oil shale
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noun
  1. a dark-brown or black shale, from which petroleum-like hydrocarbons can be produced by distillation
Oligocene
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proper noun
  1. (geology) The Oligocene epoch.
adjective
  1. (geology) Of a geologic epoch within the Paleogene period from about 34 to 23 million years ago; marked by the rapid evolution in a warm climate.
oolite
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noun
  1. (context, geology, uncountable) A rock of spherical grains within a mineral cortex accreted around a nucleus, often of quartz grains
  2. (context, rare, countable) An ooid or oolith
ooze
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noun
  1. secretion, Secretion, humour.
  2. A thick often unpleasant liquid; muck.
verb (oozes, oozing, oozed)
  1. (intransitive) To secrete or slowly leak.
  2. (intransitive) To give off a sense of (something).
ophiolite
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noun (wikipedia, ophiolites)
  1. (geology) an assemblage of mafic and ultramafic rock fragments of the ocean lithosphere that has been tectonically moved onto a continental margin or island
Ordovician
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proper noun
  1. (geology) The Ordovician period.
adjective
  1. (geology) Of a geologic period within the Paleozoic era; comprises lower, middle and upper epochs from about 488 to 443 million years ago.
orogeny
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noun (orogen, ies)
  1. (geology) the process of mountain building by the upward folding of the Earth's crust
OS
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initialism
  1. Ordnance Survey
  2. operating system
  3. oculus sinister () - left eye
  4. outsize
outcrop
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noun
  1. A piece of land that stands out (usually into water) from the land surrounding.
  2. A coming out of bedrock or of an unconsolidated deposit to the surface of the ground.
  3. The part of a rock formation that appears at the surface of the ground.
outlier
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noun
  1. A person or thing away from others or outside its proper place.
  2. (geology) A part of a formation separated from the rest of the formation by erosion.
  3. (statistics) A value in a statistical sample which does not fit a pattern that describes most other data points; specifically, a value that lies 1.5 IQR beyond the upper or lower quartile.
outwash
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noun
  1. (geology) The sediment (mostly sand and gravel) deposited by water flowing from a melting glacier
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