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Glossary of Chemistry Terms beginning with letter D
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D noun a grade awarded for a class, better than outright failure (which can be F or E depending on the institution) and worse than a C proper noun (snooker) The semicircle on the baulk line, inside which the cue ball must be placed at a break-off abbreviation Defense (US politics) Democrat Deny Divorced Down Drive Dutch language. = deactivate verb (deactivat, es) (ergative) to make something inactive or no longer effective to prevent the action of a biochemical agent (such as an enzyme) to remove a person or piece of hardware from active military service decane noun (chemistry) any of the seventy-five isomers of the aliphatic hydrocarbon having the chemical formula C₁₀H₂₂ decarbonate verb to decarbonate To remove carbon dioxide from something decarbonize verb (decarboniz, ing) To remove carbon from something, especially from an engine; to decoke. degrade verb (degrad, ed) (transitive) To lower in value or social position. Fred degrades* himself by his behaviour.* (intransitive) To reduce in quality or purity. The DNA sample has degraded. dehydrate verb (dehydrat, ing) to lose or remove water; to dry dehydrogenate verb to dehydrogenate (chemistry) to remove hydrogen from a substance denature verb (denatures, denaturing, denatured, denatured) to take away a natural characteristic or inherent property of a thing or a person (in reference to alcohol) to add something that makes alcohol unsuitable for consumption but leaves the alcohol suitable for other purposes While you cannot drink denatured* alcohol, you can still use it to remove sticker glue from most surfaces.* densitometer noun A device that measures the optical density of a material. A device that measures the specific gravity of a substance; a densimeter. depressant noun A pharmacological substance which decreases neuronal or physiological activity. adjective Acting as a depressant. category:Drugs depside noun (chemistry) any of a class of intermolecular esters formed from phenolic benzoic acids, especially such compounds found in lichen derivative noun (plural: derivatives) Something derive, derived. A word that derives from another one. (finance) A financial instrument whose value depends on the valuation of an underlying asset; such as a warrant, an option etc. (chemistry) A chemical derived from another. (calculus) The derived function of a function. The derivative of <math>f(x) = x^2</math> is <math>f'(x) = 2x</math> (calculus) The value of this function for a given value of its independent variable. The derivative of <math>f(x) = x^2</math> at x = 3 is <math>f'(3) = 2 3 = 6</math>. adjective Imitative of the work of someone else (copyright law) Referring to a work, such as a translation or adaptation, based on another work that may be subject to copyright restrictions Having a value that depends on an underlying asset of variable value Lacking originality derive verb (deriv, ing) (rfex) (context, transitive) To obtain or receive (something) from something else. (context, transitive, logic) To deduce (a conclusion) by reasoning. (context, transitive, linguistics) To find the derivation of (a word or phrase). (context, transitive, chemistry) To create (a compound) from another by means of a reaction. (context, intransitive) To originate or stem (from). desalinate verb to desalinate To remove the salt from something, especially from seawater for use in a domestic water supply desalt verb To remove salt from; to desalinate, as of sea water. desensitize verb (desensitiz, ing) to cause to become less sensitive or insensitive The exposure to light desensitized* the film, so I had to buy a new roll.* Even those who believe themselves desensitized* to the grotesque will be shocked at this site.* destructive distillation noun (chemistry) The heating of a material, such as coal or wood, in an inert atmosphere, at a high temperature such as to cause decomposition; the principal products include oils and tars from which many useful organic compounds may be obtained; town gas and coke were obtained in this way. desulfur verb to desulfur (transitive) to remove the sulfur from something (such as petroleum or flue gases) desulfurize verb (desulfuriz, ing) (transitive) to remove the sulfur from something (such as petroleum or flue gases) detergent noun any non-soap cleaning agent, especially a synthetic surfactant a compound with a lipophilic tail and a hydrophilic head. adjective having the power to clean deuteride noun (chemistry) any hydride in which the hydrogen is replaced by deuterium deuterium noun (isotope) An isotope of hydrogen formed of one proton and one neutron in each atom - (nuclide, 2, 1, H). dialysis noun (dialyses) (chemistry) a method of separating molecules or particles of different sizes by differential diffusion through a semipermeable membrane (medicine) hemodialysis diamine noun (chemistry) Any compound containing two amino functional groups. diatomic adjective (chemistry) (of a molecule etc) consisting of two atoms diazine noun (chemistry) an aromatic compound in which two CH groups of a benzene ring have been replaced with N; especially the three isomers of formula C₄H₄N₂ diazo adjective (chemistry) of an organic compound containing a pair of double bonded nitrogen atoms directly attached to an aryl group diazoamino noun (chemistry) the functional group -N=N-N< diazomethane noun (chemistry) the simplest diazo compound, CH₂=N⁺=N^-; a toxic, yellow, explosive gas; used in analytical chemistry to convert carboxylic acids into their methyl esters for analysis via gas-liquid chromatography diazonium noun (chemistry) any univalent cation, of general formula R-N₂⁺, where R is an aryl group; diazonium salts are used to manufacture azo dyes, and take part in the Sandmeyer reaction diazonium compound noun (chemistry) any compound having the general formula R-N₂⁺ X^-, especially one in which R is an aryl residue; they are important as intermediates in the production of azo dyes diazonium salt noun (chemistry) a diazonium compound diazotization noun (chemistry) the conversion of an aromatic primary amine into a diazonium compound, especially by the use of nitrous acid dibasic adjective (chemistry) (of an acid) containing two replaceable hydrogen atoms (chemistry) (of a salt) having two atoms of a univalent metal diborane noun (chemistry) boron hydride, B₂H₆, a colourless explosive gas with a nasty smell; it has an unusual structure in which two of the hydrogen atoms form a bridge between the two boron atoms dibromide noun (chemistry) any bromide containing two bromine atoms in each molecule dicarboxylic acid noun (organic chemistry) Any organic compound having two carboxylic acid functional groups. dichloride noun (chemistry) any chloride containing two chlorine atoms bound to a single element or radical dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane noun (chemistry) A chlorinated hydrocarbon which is mainly used as an insecticide. Mostly abbreviated as DDT. dichroism noun the property of some crystals of transmitting different colours of light in different directions (physics) the property of some anisotropic materials of having different absorption coefficients for light polarized in different directions; circular dichroism dichromate noun (chemistry) any salt of dichromic acid; in solution the orange dichromate anion (Cr₂O₇^2-) is in equilibrium with the yellow chromate anion (CrO?₄^2-), the relative amount of each ion depending on the pH; they are both very powerful oxidizing agents dichromic acid noun (chemistry) A relatively unstable form of chromic acid, H₂Cr₂O₇, known only in solution or as its salts, the dichromates, from which it may be prepared. didymium noun (element) A mixture of praseodymium and neodymium once thought to be an element (symbol Di). Diels-Alder reaction noun (organic chemistry) The cycloaddition reaction between a conjugated diene and an alkene to form a cyclohexene ring. diene noun (organic chemistry) An organic compound, especially a hydrocarbon, containing two double bonds. diester noun (chemistry) any organic compound containing two ester functional groups digest noun That which is digested; especially, that which is worked over, classified, and arranged under proper heads or titles A compilation of statutes or decisions analytically arranged; a summary of laws. Comyn's Digest the United States Digest Any collection of articles, as an Internet mailing list "digest" including a week's postings, or a magazine arranging a collection of writings. Reader's Digest* is published monthly.* verb (rfc-level, Verb at L4+ not in L3 POS section) (transitive) To distribute or arrange methodically; to work over and classify; to reduce to portions for ready use or application. to laws (transitive) To separate (the food) in its passage through the alimentary canal into the nutritive and nonnutritive elements; to prepare, by the action of the digestive juices, for conversion into blood; to convert into chyme. (transitive) To think over and arrange methodically in the mind; to reduce to a plan or method; to receive in the mind and consider carefully; to get an understanding of; to comprehend. (context, transitive, chemistry) To soften by heat and moisture; to expose to a gentle heat in a boiler or matrass, as a preparation for chemical operations. (intransitive) To undergo digestion; as, food digests well or ill. diglyceride noun (chemistry) a lipid, an ester of glycerol and two fatty acids (the same or different, in the 1,2 or 1,3 positions) dihydric adjective (chemistry) Containing two hydroxyl functional groups. dihydroxy adjective (chemistry) containing two hydroxy functional groups diketone noun (chemistry) any compound having two neighbouring ketonic carbonyl groups DIL initialism dual in line dilute verb (dilut, ing) (transitive) To add more of a solvent to a solution; especially to add more water. (transitive) To weaken. adjective Having a low concentration. Clean the panel with a , neutral cleaner. weak, Weak. dimer noun (chemistry) A molecule consisting of two identical halves, formed by joining two identical molecules, sometimes with a single atom acting as a bridge. dimethyl noun (organic chemistry) (in combination) Two methyl groups in a molecule. dimethylnitrosamine noun (chemistry) a simple nitrosamine, (CH₃)₂N-N=O, found in tobacco smoke; it is carcinogenic dimethyl sulfoxide noun (abbreviation DMSO) (organic compound) An organic compound, (CH₃)₂SO, obtained as a byproduct from wood pulp, and is used as a solvent for carrying out chemical reactions and for administering drugs through the skin; also used as a reagent; its polar structure is a resonance hybrid. + - >S=O <=> >S-O diol noun (chemistry) any organic compound having two hydroxy functional groups dioxide noun (chemistry) Any oxide containing two oxygen atoms in each molecule. diphenyl noun (organic compound) An alternative name of biphenyl. diphenylamine noun (chemistry) an aromatic amine, (C₆H₅)₂NH, used in the manufacture of plastics, dyes, explosives, pesticides, fungicides and pharmaceuticals diphosphate noun (chemistry) any salt or ester containing two phosphate groups (chemistry) any salt or ester of diphosphoric acid; pyrophosphate dipole noun (physics) any object (such as a magnet, polar molecule or antenna), that is oppositely charged at two points (or poles) disaccharide noun (carbohydrates) Any sugar, such as sucrose, maltose and lactose, consisting of two monosaccharides combined together. disperse verb (disperses, dispersing, dispersed) To scatter abroad so as to drive to different parts; to distribute; to diffuse; to spread; to scatter, so as to cause to vanish; to dissipate; as, to disperse vapors. dispersion noun The state of being dispersed; dispersedness. A process of dispersing. The degree of scatter of data. The separation of visible light by refraction or diffraction. disproportionation noun (chemistry) A form of redox reaction in which part of a reactant is oxidized and part of it is reduced simultaneously dissolution noun The termination of an organized body or legislative assembly, especially a formal dismisal Disintegration, or decomposition into fragments Dissolving, or going into solution dissolve noun cinematography a film punctuation in which there is a gradual transition from one scene to the next verb (dissolv, ing) (chemistry): to disintegrate by immersing it into a liquid to disperse, to drive to parts (a group of persons) cinematography shift from one shot to another by having the former fade out as the latter fades in distill verb (transitive) Subject a substance to distillation; . (intransitive) Undergo or be produced by distillation. (transitive) Make by means of distillation, esp. whisky. (transitive) Exude in small drops. Firs distil* resin.* (transitive) Impart in small quantities. (transitive) Extract the essence of; concentrate; purify. (intransitive) Trickle down or fall in small drops; ooze out. (intransitive) Be manifested gently or gradually. (intransitive) Drip or be wet with. distillate noun The liquid that has been condensed from vapour during distillation; normally a purified form or a fraction of an original liquid (context, by extension) An essence of something distillation noun The act of falling in drops, or the act of pouring out in drops. That which falls in drops. The separation of the volatile parts of a substance from the more fixed; specifically, the operation of driving off gas or vapor from volatile liquids or solids, by heat in a retort or still, and the condensation of the products as far as possible by a cool receiver, alembic, or condenser; rectification; vaporization; condensation; as, the distillation of illuminating gas and coal, of alcohol from sour mash, or of boric acid in steam. The substance extracted by distilling. distilled verb Past tense and past participle of distil (Commonwealth spelling) or distill (US spelling). distiller noun a person who works in a distillery distribute verb (distribut, ing) (transitive): To divide something into portions and dispense it. He distributed* the bread amongst his followers.* (transitive): To supply goods to retail outlets. The agency distributes* newspapers to local shops.* (transitive): To deliver or pass out something. A network of children distributes* flyers to every house.* (transitive): To scatter or spread something. I raked the soil then distributed* grass seed.* (transitive): To apportion evenly. The robot's six legs distributed* its weight over a wide area.* (transitive): To classify or separate into categories. The database distributed* verbs into transitive and intransitive segments.* (intransitive): (mathematics) To be distributive. disulfide noun US spelling of disulphide donor noun One who donates typically money. double bond noun (chemistry) A covalent bond in which two electron pairs (instead of the usual one) are shared between two atoms; most common between carbon atoms and carbon, oxygen or nitrogen atoms, but several other forms are known. double decomposition noun (chemistry) a reaction between two substances in which two parts of each substance are exchanged; metathesis Example AgNO?₃ + NaCl? => AgCl? + NaNO?₃ DS initialism directeur sportif dyad noun A set of two different elements. 1924: ARISTOTLE. Metaphysics. Translated by W. D. Ross. Nashotah, Wisconsin, USA: The Classical Library, 2001. Available at: <http://www.classicallibrary.org/aristotle/metaphysics/>. Book 1, Part 6. : positioning a and constructing the infinite out of great and small, instead of treating the infinite as one, is pucliar to him; (music) any set of two different pitch classes.

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