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Glossary of Chemistry Terms beginning with letter C
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C noun (computing) A particular high-level programming language. (slang) $100; a c-note. (music) A musical note; middle c. An academic grade better than a D and worse than a B. proper noun Head of the Secret Intelligence Service, incorrectly identified in the James Bond literature as "M" ("C" during WW2 was Col. Stewart Menzies - from whence "M") c. abbreviation (context, preposition) circa The document was written in the Middle Ages, 1250. (context, noun) city CA abbreviation California, a state of the United States of America. Canada. Cellular Automata cacodyl noun (chemistry) The dimethylarsine radical (CH₃)₂As- (chemistry) tetramethyldiarsine formally derived from two of these radicals; an evil-smelling liquid that spontaneously combusts in air cadmium noun a metallic chemical element (symbol Cd) with an atomic number of 48. caesium noun a metallic chemical element (symbol Cs) with an atomic number of 55. calciferous adjective of or pertaining to calcium, calcium carbonate or calcite calcine verb to calcine (transitive) to heat something without melting in order to drive off water etc, and to decompose carbonates into oxides or to oxidize or reduce it; especially to heat limestone to form quicklime (intransitive) to undergo such heating calciner noun A person who calcines A device or container in which calcination takes place calcium carbide noun (chemical compound) A black, solid, of formula CaC?₂, manufactured from lime and carbon at high temperatures; reacts with water to form acetylene. calcium carbonate noun (chemical compound) A colourless or white inorganic compound, CaCO?₃, occuring as chalk, limestone, marble etc; reacts with acids to liberate carbon dioxide. calcium hydroxide noun (chemical compound) A soft, white powder, Ca(OH)₂, obtained by the action of water on calcium oxide; slaked lime. calcium oxide noun (chemical compound) A white powderous substance, CaO?, commonly known as lime or quicklime; normally made by heating calcium carbonate. californium noun a transuranic chemical element (symbol Cf) with an atomic number of 98. calx noun (archaic) The substance which remains after a metal or mineral has been thoroughly burnt, seen as being the essential substance left after the expulsion of phlogiston. (Now recognised as being) the oxide left after calcination of a metal. calcium oxide caoutchouc noun latex; natural rubber capric acid noun (fatty acid) A fatty acid, CH₃(CH₂)₈COOH, obtained from animal fats, and used in the manufacture of perfumes and flavours. caproic acid noun (fatty acid) A liquid fatty acid, CH₃(CH₂)₄COOH, obtained from animal fats, and used in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals and flavours. caprolactam noun (organic compound) A lactam (cyclic amide) manufactured from cyclohexanone and used in the manufacture of nylon. caprylic acid noun (fatty acid) A fatty acid, CH₃(CH₂)₆COOH, obtained from butter and other animal fats, and used in the manufacture of perfumes and flavours. carbamate noun (organic chemistry) Any salt or ester of carbamic acid. carbamic acid noun (organic compound) amino-formic acid, NH₂COOH; is too unstable to have been isolated, but its esters and salts are known. carbanion noun (chemistry) any organic anion of general formula R₃C^- carbene noun (organic chemistry) Any short-lived, reactive species R₂C:, especially the parent compound CH₂: (also called methylene). carbide noun (chemistry) Any binary compound of carbon and a more electropositive element (chemistry) The polyatomic ion C₂^2−, or any of its salts. (chemistry) The monatomic ion C^4−, or any of its salts. (chemistry) A carbon-containing alloy or doping of a metal or semiconductor, such as steel. (chemistry) tungsten carbide, Tungsten carbide. (cycling) trivial name for calcium carbide (CaC?₂), used to produce acetylene in bicycle lamps in the early 1900s. carbinol noun (context, obsolete, organic compound, uncountable) The compound methanol. (context, obsolete, organic chemistry, countable) Any substituted methanol. carbolic noun carbolic acid or similar disinfectant adjective of, relating to or containing carbolic acid carbolic acid noun an older name for phenol (C₆H₅OH) carbon noun (uncountable) The chemical element (symbol C) with an atomic number of 6. (context, countable, informal) A sheet of carbon paper. Make sure the is facing the second sheet of paper, before rolling it into the typewriter. (context, countable, informal) A carbon copy. A fossil fuel that is made of impure carbon such as coal or charcoal. (context, ecology, uncountable) carbon dioxide, Carbon dioxide, in the context of global warming and climate change. carbonaceous adjective of, relating to, rich in, or yielding carbon carbonate noun any salt or ester of carbonic acid verb (carbonat, ing) (transitive) to charge (often a beverage) with carbon dioxide carbonation noun The state of having carbon dioxide gas dissolved in a liquid. Soda pop is basically sugar water with a little bit of flavoring and added . The amount or level of dissolved carbon dioxide remaining in solution. ''Celia didn't eat at the diner anymore because she thought the in their fountain drinks was off. carbonization, Carbonization. carbon bisulfide noun alternative spelling of carbon disulfide carbon black noun (chemistry) A fine black powder of amorphous carbon manufactured by the incomplete combustion of natural gas or oil, and used as a pigment in the manufacture of ink and paint. Used as a filler in rubber like polymers and rubber. It helps the polymers resist deterioration by UV rays. carbon dioxide noun (inorganic compound) The normal oxide of carbon, CO₂; a colorless, odorless gas formed during respiration and combustion and consumed by plants during photosynthesis. carbon disulfide noun (chemistry) a binary compound of carbon and sulfur, CS₂, a colourless liquid with a not-unpleasant smell; used as a specialist solvent, and in the manufacture of organosulfur compounds carbonic adjective Of or relating to carbon. carbonic acid noun a weak unstable acid, H₂CO₃, known only in solution, and as carbonate salts; it is present in carbonated drinks, and sparkling wine, but decomposes to form carbon dioxide and water carbonium ion noun (chemistry) a carbenium ion or any carbocation carbonization noun The act or process of carbonizing. carbonize verb (carboniz, es) To turn something to carbon, especially by heating it; to scorch or blacken. To react something with carbon. carbon monoxide noun (chemical compound) A colourless, odourless, flammable, highly toxic gas (chemical formula CO). carbonous adjective of, relating to, or containing carbon carbon oxychloride noun (inorganic compound) (alternative form of, carbonyl chloride) carbonyl noun (organic chemistry) In organic chemistry, a divalent functional group, (-CO-), characteristic of aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, amides, carboxylic acid anhydrides, carbonyl halides, esters and others. (inorganic chemistry) Any compound of a metal with carbon monoxide, such as nickel carbonyl, Ni(CO)₄. carbonyl chloride noun (inorganic compound) A toxic gas, COCl₂, used in the manufacture of plastics, pesticides etc, and once used as a chemical weapon. 2006, Thomas Pynchon, Against the Day, Vintage 2007, p. 265: :More of a French term. Phosgène. We prefer to call it . Less. . .disquieting, somehow. carborane noun (organic chemistry) Any of a class of organic compounds of boron, mostly havng a polyhedral structure. carboxyl noun (organic chemistry) A univalent functional group consisting of a carbonyl and a hydroxyl functional group (-CO.OH); characteristic of carboxylic acids. carboxylic acid noun (organic chemistry) Any of a class of organic compounds containing a carboxyl functional group. carboy noun A large, globular glass bottle, esp. one of green glass,encased in basket work or in a box, used to hold corrosive liquids. carbylamine noun (obsolete),(chemistry) an isocyanide carrier noun A person or object that carry, carries someone or something else. aircraft carrier armored personnel carrier A company in the business of shipping freight. A person or animal that transmits a disease to others without itself contracting the disease. A signal such as radio, sound, or light that is modulated to transmit information. A mobile network operator; wireless carrier cascade noun A waterfall or series of small waterfalls Now murm'ring soft, now roaring in . -Cawper (figuratively) A stream or sequence of a thing or things occurring as if falling like a cascade. The rise in serotonin levels sets off a of chemical events — Richard M. Restak, The Secret Life of the Brain, Joseph Henry Press, 2001 A series of electrical components, the output of any one being connected to the input of the next; See also daisy chain verb (cascad, ing) (intransitive) To fall as a waterfall or series of small waterfalls. To occur as a causal sequence. (archaic) (slang) To vomit. catalysis noun (catalyses) (chemistry) The increase of the rate of a chemical reaction induced by a catalyst. catalyst noun (chemistry) A substance which increases the rate of a chemical reaction without being consumed in the process. (automotive) A catalytic converter. Someone or something that helps or encourages progress or change. I hope the new CEO will be a for change. Economic development and integration are working as a for peace. catalyze verb (catalyzes, catalyzing, catalyzed, catalyzed) (transitive) To bring about the catalysis of a chemical reaction. (transitive) To accelerate a process. (transitive) To inspire significantly by catalysis. catechol noun (organic compound) The biologically important diphenol ortho-dihydroxy benzene; isomeric with hydroquinone and resorcinol. cation noun (chemistry) A positively charged ion; -- opposed to anion. (chemistry) The ion in an electrolyzed solution that migrates to the cathode. caustic soda noun Common name for sodium hydroxide (NaOH?), a strong alkaline substance used in the manufacture of paint and detergents, or as a drain cleaner. CB initialism (wikipedia, citizens' band radio) citizens' band Chemical and Biological CD initialism (pos_n) compact disk: A form of digital media that is based on the use of a laser to read from a plastic disc in a reader device known as a CD drive. It comes in several varieties including the CD-ROM (ROM=read-only memory) which cannot be written to except during manufacturing, the CD-R (recordable), which can be written to exactly once, and the CD-RW (re-writable), which can be written to as many times as one wishes (to a limit). Certificate of deposit: used by financial institutions Corps diplomatique: a decal found on automobiles to indicate diplomatic status Creative director: head of the creative department (e.g. advertising agencies) Corporate design: specific design features of a company, corporate identity CI Collision detection: used by an Ethernet network to detect when two computers are sending frames at the same time, and also to deal with such collisions when they happen circular dichroism cellulose nitrate noun (organic compound) The compound nitrocellulose. ceric adjective (chemistry) Containing cerium with valence four. cerium noun A metallic chemical element (symbol Ce) with an atomic number of 58. cerous adjective (chemistry) Containing cerium with valence three. cesium noun US spelling of caesium. cf abbreviation or cf. confer: compare see also initialism CF (computing) Collaborative Filtering chain noun A series of interconnected rings or links usually made of metal. He wore a gold around the neck. A series of interconnected things. This led to an unfortunate of events. A series of stores or businesses with the same brand name. That of restaurants is expanding into our town. A number of atoms in a series, which combine to form a molecule. When examined, the molecular included oxygen and hydrogen. (surveying) A series of interconnected links of known length, used as a measuring device. (surveying) A long measuring tape. A unit of length equal to 22 yards. The length of a commonly used surveying chain. The length of a cricket pitch. Equal to 17.85 metres. Equal to 4 rods. verb (transitive) To fasten something with a chain (intransitive) To link multiple items together (transitive) To secure someone with fetters (transitive) To obstruct the mouth of a river etc with a chain (computing) To relate data items with a chain of pointers; to be chained to another data item (transitive) To measure a distance using a 66-foot long chain, as in land surveying chain reaction noun (physics) A nuclear reaction in which particles produced by the fission of one atom trigger fissions of other atoms. The Manhattan Project produced the first recorded controlled chain reaction. (idiom) A series of events, each one causing the next. ''The bombs all exploded in a . chalcogen noun (inorganic chemistry) Any element of group 16 of the periodic table - oxygen, sulphur, selenium, tellurium and polonium. chalcogenide noun (inorganic chemistry) Any binary compound of a chalcogen with a more electropositive element. chalcophile noun (chemistry), (geology) in the Goldschmidt classification, an element such as copper that forms sulphide minerals if sufficient sulphur is available char noun (obsolete) a time; a turn or occasion (obsolete) a turn of work; a labour or item of business an odd-job, a chore or piece of housework a charlady, a woman employed to do housework; cleaning lady "I had to scrub the kitchen today, because the couldn"t come" verb (chars, charing, charred) (obsolete) to turn, especially away or aside to work, especially to do housework 1893, She explained that she was the commissionaire's wife, who did the charing, and I gave her the order for the coffee. " Arthur Conan Doyle, "The Naval Treaty" (Norton 2005, p.677) charcoal noun impure carbon obtained by heating wood or other organic matter in the absence of oxygen. a stick of black carbon material used for drawing. a drawing made with charcoal. (colour) a very dark gray colour. <table><tr><td>charcoal colour:  </td><td bgcolor=" 343332" width="80">  </td></tr></table> adjective (colour) of a dark gray colour. chelate noun (chemistry) a chelate compound adjective (zoology) having chelae, or in the form of a chela chelation noun (chemistry) the formation of a polydentate chelate compound from a metal salt the use of this process to remove metal ions from solution, especially to counter poisoning by heavy metals chem. abbreviation chemistry chemical chemic noun (obsolete) an alchemist adjective (dated) chemical (obsolete) alchemical chemical noun Any specific chemical element or compound. An artificial chemical. I color my hair with henna, not chemicals. An addictive drug. adjective Of or relating to chemistry. chemical bond noun (chemistry) Any of several attractive forces that serve to bind atoms together to form molecules chemical engineering noun The branch of engineering that deals with the design, construction and operation of industrial process plants, and the physical, chemical and biological processes to create substances or energy in a useful and economic form. chemiluminescence noun (chemistry) The emission of light as the result of a chemical reaction. chemisorption noun (chemistry) the process in which a substance is adsorbed on the surface of another by means of chemical rather than physical bonding chemist noun A person whose occupation specializes in the science of chemistry, especially at a professional level. (context, chiefly, british) A pharmacist. (context, chiefly, british) A pharmacy. chemistry noun (chemistr, ies) (uncountable) The branch of science that deals with the composition and constitution of substances and the changes that they undergo as a consequence of alterations in the constitution of their molecules. An application of chemical theory and method to a particular substance. the chemistry of iron the chemistry of indigo A treatise on chemistry. (context, informal) The mutual attraction between two people; rapport. (context, modifier) Relating to or using chemistry. a chemistry lesson chemurgy noun (chemistry) a branch of applied chemistry that is concerned with preparing industrial products from agricultural raw materials. chiral adjective Of an object that exhibits chirality - as in the left- and right- handed version of a helix. chloral noun A colourless narcotic liquid, trichloro-acetaldehyde, CCl₃CHO, obtained at first by the action of chlorine on alcohol and that, when treated with water, produces chloral hydrate. chloramine noun (chemistry) any of a class of unstable compounds of nitrogen and chlorine R₁R₂NCl; also the parent compound NH₂Cl, used to manufacture hydrazine, and as the antiseptic chloramine-T chlorate noun (chemistry) any salt of chloric acid; chlorates are powerful oxidizing agents chloric adjective (chemistry) Of a compound, containing chlorine with a higher oxidation number than equivalent chlorous compounds; especially having an oxidation number of 5 chloric acid noun (chemistry) s strong acid, HClO?₃, known only in solution and as its chlorate salts; a powerful oxidizing agent chloride noun (chemistry) any salt of hydrochloric acid, such as sodium chloride, or any binary compound of chlorine and another element or radical chlorinate verb (chlorinat, ing) (context, transitive, chemistry) To add chlorine to (something, especially water, to purify it; or an auriferous substance, to extract gold from it). chlorinated lime noun bleaching powder chlorine dioxide noun a reddish-yellow explosive gas, ClO?₂, used as a water disinfectant and to bleach flour and wood pulp chlorinity noun (chemistry) A quantitative measure of the amount of chlorine and other halides in water, especially in seawater chlorite noun (chemistry) Any salt of chlorous acid (mineralogy) A dark green mineral resembling serpentine, being a mixed silicate of magnesium, iron and aluminium chlorocarbon noun (context, chemistry) An organic compound containing at least one covalently bonded chlorine atom. chlorofluorocarbon noun (abbreviation CFC) (organic chemistry) Any of a class of organic compounds in which the hydrogen atoms of a hydrocarbon are replaced with those of chlorine and fluorine; formerly used as refrigerants and aerosol can propellants but withdrawn due to causing damage to the ozone layer. chlorohydrin noun (organic chemistry) Any halohydrin in which the halogen is chlorine. chloroplatinic acid noun (chemistry) An acid, H₂PtCl?₆, derived from platinic chloride and hydrochloric acid, used in the analysis of amines chlorous adjective (chemistry) Of a compound, containing chlorine with a lower oxidation number than equivalent chloric compounds; especially having an oxidation number of 3. chlorous acid noun (chemistry) an unstable acid, HClO?₂, known only in solution or as its salts, the chlorites; it is a strong oxidizing agent chromate noun (chemistry) any salt of chromic acid; in solution the yellow chromate anion (CrO?₄^2-) is in equilibrium with the orange dichromate anion (Cr₂O₇^2-), the relative amount of each ion depending on the pH; they are both very powerful oxidizing agents chromatography noun (analytical chemistry) Any of various techniques for the qualitative or quantitative separation of the components of mixtures of compounds; all characterised by the use of a mobile phase (gas or liquid) moving relative to a stationary phase (liquid or solid) - the differences between the rates of migration of the compounds between the two phases effects the separation. chrome noun Another name for chromium when used to plate other metals. chromic adjective (chemistry) of, relating to, or containing chromium, especially in oxidation state 3 chromic acid noun (chemistry) A corrosive acid, H₂CrO?₄, known only in solution or as its salts, the chromates (from which it may be prepared); it is a very powerful oxidizing agent chromium noun a metallic chemical element (symbol Cr) with an atomic number of 24. chromophore noun (chemistry) that part of the molecule of a dye responsible for its colour (chemistry) (more generally) the group of atoms in a molecule in which the electronic transition responsible for a given spectral band is located chromous adjective (chemistry) of, relating to, or containing chromium, especially in oxidation state 2 cis- prefix on this side of. (chemistry) describing a compound in which two atoms or groups are situated on the same side of some plane of symmetry passing through the compound. Note: also used without the hyphen as a pseudo-adjective. citrate noun (organic compound) Any salt or ester of citric acid. citric adjective Of, pertaining to, or derived from, the citron or lemon citric acid noun (organic compound) A colourless crystalline compound, 2-hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboxylic acid, C₆H₈O₇, found in citrous fruit; it is used as a food additive and in the manufacture of citrates. citronella noun A tropical Asian grass, Cymbopogon nardus, that has lemon-scented leaves An essential oil obtained from this plant citronella oil noun An essential oil used in perfumery. clarify verb (clarif, i, ed) To make clear or bright by freeing from feculent matter; to defecate; to fine; -- said of liquids, as wine or syrup. "Boiled and clarified." -Ure. To make clear; to free from obscurities; to brighten or illuminate. "To his reason, and to rectify his will." -South. (obsolete): To glorify. To grow or become clear or transparent; to become free from feculent impurities, as wine or other liquid under clarification. To grow clear or bright; to clear up. clathrate noun (chemistry) a clathrate compound adjective (biology) having a lattice-like structure (chemistry) of an inclusion complex in which molecules of one compound are enclosed within the crystal structure of another cleavage noun The hollow or separation between a woman's breasts, especially as revealed by a low neckline. The act of cleave, cleaving or the state of being cleft. (mineralogy) The tendency of a crystal to split along specific planes. (chemistry) The splitting of a large molecule into smaller ones. (biology) The repeated division of a cell into daughter cells after mitosis. CM initialism College of Medicine coagulate verb (coagulat, ing) To cause to congeal, to convert from a liquid to a semisolid mass. In cheese making Rennet causes milk to into curds that become cheese. (intransitive) To become coagulated, congealed coal tar noun A black, viscous tar made by the destructive distillation of coal (to make coke and town gas); it contains a great number of compounds including hydrocarbons and phenols; used in the preparation of medicated soap and shampoo, and industrially for the manufacture of very many products cobalt blue noun (colour) a deep blue pigment derived from cobalt; zaffre <table><tr><td>cobalt blue colour:  </td><td bgcolor=" 0047AB" width="80">  </td></tr></table> adjective (colour) the color of the pigment zaffre cobaltic adjective (chemistry) Of or relating to cobalt. (chemistry) Containing cobalt in oxidation state 3. cobaltous adjective (chemistry) Containing cobalt in oxidation state 2. collodion noun a syrupy solution of pyroxylin in alcohol and ether that evaporates on a surface to form a clear elastic film; used in surgical dressings, photographic plates and lacquer paints colloid noun (chemistry) A stable system of two phases, one of which is dispersed in the other in the form of very small droplets or particles. (meteorology) An intimate mixture of two substances one of which, called the dispersed phase (or ), is uniformly distributed in a finely divided state throughout the second substance, called the dispersion medium (or dispersing medium). The dispersion medium may be a gas, a liquid, or a solid, and the dispersed phase may also be any of these, with the exception that one does not speak of a colloidal system of one gas in another. A system of liquid or solid particles colloidally dispersed in a gas is called an aerosol. A system of solid substances or water-insoluble liquids colloidally dispersed in liquid water is called a hydrosol. adjective glue, Glue-like. colophony noun a resin from Colophon; rosin combine noun A short form for combine harvester. We can't finish harvesting because our is stuck in the mud. A concern, consortium or syndicate. verb (combin, ing) (transitive) to bring (two or more things or activities) together; to unite Combine the milk and the hot water in a large bowl. I'm combining* business and pleasure on this trip.* (transitive) to have two or more things or properties that function together Joe combines* the intelligence of a rock with the honesty of a politician.* <!--same as first sense: (transitive) to join together, to unite The two of us combined* should be able to beat him.* By combining our efforts, we were able to finish the work in time.--> comminute verb to pulverize; to smash (injury) to cause fragmentation of bone, an intense skull fracture. to break into smaller portions complex noun (pl=complexes) A problem. A collection of buildings with a common purpose, such as a university or military base. A psychologically based dislike or fear of a particular thing. Jim has a real complex about working for a woman boss. A thunderstorm that forms when two storm fronts collide. (chemistry) A structure consisting of a central atom or molecule weakly connected to surrounding atoms or molecules. verb to complex (intransitive) (chemistry) To form a complex with another substance adjective (wikipedia, complex number) ((compar) more complex, (superl) most complex) Made up of multiple parts; intricate or detailed. Not simple or straightforward. (mathematics) Of a number, of the form a + bi, where a and b are real numbers and i is the square root of −1. function (geometry) A curve, polygon or other figure that crosses or intersects itself. complex ion noun (chemistry) any ion containing more than one atom. e.g. sulphate as opposed to sulphide (chemistry) any ion in which a central metal atom (normally a transition element) is surrounded by a group of ions or molecules (ligands). e.g. ferricyanide component noun A smaller, self-contained part of a larger entity. Often refers to a manufactured object that is part of a larger device. adjective Making up a larger whole; as a component word. Made up of smaller complete units in combination; as a component stereo. compound noun an enclosure within which workers, prisoners, or soldiers are confined verb (intransitive) to come together (intransitive) to come to terms of agreement (transitive) to put together (transitive) to add to (context, transitive, law) to settle by agreeing on less than the claim adjective composed of elements; not simple concentration noun (wikipedia, Concentration, Concentration (chemistry)) The amount of solute in a solution meansured in parts per million (ppm) The act, process or ability of concentrating; the process of becoming concentrated, or the state of being concentrated; concentration. The act, process or product of reducing the volume of a liquid, as by evaporation. The act or process of removing the dress of ore and of reducing the valuable part to smaller compass, as by currents of air or water. condensation noun The act or process of condensing or of being condensed; the state of being condensed. The act or process of reducing, by depression of temperature or increase of pressure, etc., to another and denser form, as gas to the condition of a liquid or steam to water. A rearrangement or concentration of the different constituents of one or more substances into a distinct and definite compound of greater complexity and molecular weight, often resulting in an increase of density, as the condensation of oxygen into ozone, or of acetone into mesitylene. configuration noun Form, as depending on the relative disposition of the parts of a thing' shape; figure. Relative position or aspect of the planets; the face of the horoscope, according to the relative positions of the planets at any time. The way things are arranged or put together in order to achieve a result. (context, physics, chemistry) The arrangement of electrons in an atom, molecule, or other physical structure like a crystal. conformation noun The act of conforming; the act of producing conformity. The state of being conformed; agreement; hence; structure, as depending on the arrangement of parts; form; arrangement. congo red noun Congo red a dye that turns red in alkaline, blue in acidic solutions. convert noun A person who has converted his or her religion. They were all converts* to Islam.* A person who is now in favour of something that he or she previously opposed or disliked. I never really liked broccoli before, but now that I've tasted it the way you cook it, I'm a convert! verb To transform or change (something) into another form, substance, state, or product. A kettle converts* water into steam.* To change (something) from one use, function, or purpose to another He converted* his garden into a tennis court.* To induce (someone) to adopt a particular religion, faith, or belief They converted* her to Roman Catholicism on her deathbed.* To exchange for something of equal value. We converted* our pounds into euros.* To express (a quantity) in alternative units. How do you feet into metres? (rugby football) To score a conversion. (ten-pin bowling) To score a spare. coordinate bond noun (chemistry) A type of covalent bond where the two electrons being shared originate from the same atom; a dative bond. (chemistry) One of the bonds between the central metal atom of a coordination compound and its ligands. coordination compound noun (wikipedia, complex (chemistry)) (chemistry) a class of compounds in which a central metal atom (normally a transition element) is surrounded by a group of ions or molecules (ligands) copolymer noun (chemistry) a polymer derived from more than one species of monomer copper noun (uncountable) a reddish-brown, malleable, ductile metallic element with high electrical and thermal conductivity, symbol Cu, and atomic number 29. (countable) Something made of copper. The reddish-brown colour/color of copper. <table><tr><td>copper colour:  </td><td bgcolor=" BB5836" width="80">  </td></tr></table> (countable) A copper coin. (context, Australian English, UK) (archaic) A large pot used for heating water or washing clothes over a fire. Mum would heat the water in a copper in the kitchen and transfer it to the tin bath. I explain that socks can"t be boiled up in the copper with the sheets and towels or they shrink. adjective Made of copper. Having the reddish-brown colour/color of copper. copper sulfate noun alternative spelling of copper sulphate cordite noun A smokeless propellent made by combining two high explosives: nitrocellulose and nitroglycerine used in some firearm ammunition. corrosive sublimate noun (chemistry) (obsolete) mercuric chloride cosmochemistry noun (chemistry) the science that deals with the creation of the elements, and their isotopic distribution, in the universe; also with the synthesis and reactions of simple molecules in interstellar space coulometry noun (physics),(chemistry) a technique, in analytical chemistry, in which the amount of substance released during electrolysis, and the amount of electricity used is measured coumarin noun (chemistry) the bicyclic aromatic compound 1,2-benzopyrone or any of its derivatives coumarone noun (organic compound) The bicyclic heterocycle benzofuran. covalent bond noun (chemistry) A type of chemical bond where two atoms are connected to each other by the sharing of two or more electrons. CR initialism (medicine) Controlled Release (Philippines English) Comfort Room (toilet) County Road Country Route (computing) carriage return Costa Rica Czech Republic crack noun A thin and usually jagged space opened in a previously solid material. A large had formed in the roadway. A narrow opening. We managed to squeeze through a in the rock wall. When forming an opening, a small amount. Open the door a . (context, onomatopoetic) The sharp sound made when solid material breaks. The of the falling branch could be heard for miles. (context, onomatopoetic) Any sharp sound. The of the bat hitting the ball. A sharply humorous comment; a wisecrack. I didn't appreciate that about my hairstyle. (vulgar) The space between the buttocks. Pull up your pants! Your is showing. (context, Scots language, common in lowland Scotland and Ulster) conviviality; good conversation, chat, gossip, or humourous storytelling; good company. The was guid. Thon was guid . He/she is quare good . The party was great . (context, Geordie) Business/events What's the ? (computing) A program, password or procedure designed to circumvent restrictions or usage limits on software. (context, slang) A potent, relatively cheap, addictive variety of cocaine; often a rock, usually smoked through a crack-pipe. w:Whitney Houston, Whitney Houston: : I wouldn't use it, if I was going to use it I can afford real cocaine. Crack is wack. (context, Cumbrian, elsewhere throughout the North of the UK) a meaningful chat. (vulgar, slang) vagina. I'm so horny even the of dawn isn't safe! (colloquial) An opportunity to attempt something. I'd like to take a at that game. (Ireland) (colloquial) good fun. (See usage note re Scots sense). 2006, Patrick McCabe?, Winterwood, Bloomsbury 2007, p. 10: :By the time we've got a good drunk on us there'll be more in this valley than the night I pissed on the electric fence! verb (intransitive) To form cracks. It's been so dry, the ground is starting to . (intransitive) To break apart under pressure. When I tried to stand on the chair, it cracked. (intransitive) To become debilitated by psychological pressure. Anyone would after being hounded like that. (intransitive) To yield under interrogation. When we showed him the pictures of the murder scene, he cracked. (intransitive) To make a cracking sound. The bat cracked* with authority and the ball went for six.* (context, intransitive, of a voice) To change rapidly in register. His voice cracked* with emotion.* (context, intransitive, of a pubescent boy's voice) To alternate between high and low register in the process of eventually lowering. His voice finally cracked* when he was fourteen.* (intransitive) To make a sharply humorous comment. "I would too, with a face like that," she cracked. (computing) To circumvent software restrictions such as regional coding or time limits. That software licence will expire tomorrow unless we can it. (transitive) To make a crack or cracks in. The ball cracked* the window.* (transitive) To break open or crush to small pieces by impact or stress. You'll need a hammer to a black walnut. (transitive) To strike forcefully. She cracked* him over the head with her handbag.* (transitive) To open slightly. Could you please the window? (transitive) To cause to yield under interrogation or other pressure. (Figurative) They managed to him on the third day. (transitive) To solve a difficult problem. (i, Figurative, from cracking a nut.) I've finally cracked* it, and of course the answer is obvious in hindsight.* (transitive) To cause to make a sharp sound. 2001: Doug McGuinn?, The Apple Indians : Hershell cracked his knuckles, a nervous habit that drove Inez crazy.... (transitive, chemistry, informal) To break down (a complex molecule), especially with the application of heat: to pyrolyse. Acetone is cracked to ketene and methane at 700 Â°C. (transitive, colloquial) To open a canned beverage, or any packaged drink or food. I'd love to open a beer. (transitive) To tell (a joke). adjective Highly trained and competent. Even a team of investigators would have trouble solving this case. cracker noun A dry, thin, crispy, and usually salty or savory biscuit. A short piece of twisted string tied to the end of a whip that creates the distinctive sound when the whip is thrown or cracked. A firecracker. A person or thing that crack, cracks, or that cracks a thing (e.g. whip cracker; nutcracker). A Christmas cracker Refinery equipment used to pyrolyse organic feedstocks. If catalyst is used to aid pyrolysis it is informally called a cat-cracker (chiefly, UK) A fine thing or person (crackerjack). She's an absolute ! The show was a ! (computing) A person who cracks, (i.e. overcomes) computer software or security restrictions to enable unrestricted use or for malicious purpose. cracking noun (chemistry) The thermal decomposition of a substance, especially that of crude petroleum in order to produce petrol / gasoline. verb (present participle of, crack) adjective great, Great The race started at a pace. enjoyable, Enjoyable. We had a time. adverb very, Very, usually associated with praise. It was a good show. cream of tartar noun (chemistry) potassium hydrogen tartrate (also called Potassium bitartrate), a byproduct of wine manufacture, used in baking powder and in cooking to stabilize beaten egg whites. creosote noun A pale yellow oily liquid, containing phenols and similar compounds, obtained by the destructive distillation of wood tar, once used medicinally. A similar brown liquid obtained from coal tar used as a wood preservative. (uncountable) The creosote bush. verb (creosot, es) To apply creosote. As the fence is exposed he will it for protection. cresol noun (chemistry) either of the three isomeric phenols derived from toluene: ortho-, meta- or para-methylphenol cross-link noun (chemistry) a link between adjacent chains of a polymer verb to cross-link to form such a link crotonic acid noun (organic compound) An unsaturated organic acid, CH₃-CH=CH-COOH, found in croton oil and having many industrial uses; the cis- form is angelic acid. crude noun Any substance in its natural state. See crude oil adjective (crud, e) Being in a natural state. oil Characterized by simplicity, especially something not carefully or expertly made. a shelter Lacking concealing elements. a truth Lacking tact or taste. a remark (statistics) Being in an unanalyzed form. data (archaic) immature, Immature or unripe. crude oil noun Unrefined oil; as it is found underground, consisting mainly of hydrocarbons cryoscopy noun the measurement of the freezing point of a liquid using a cryoscope (chemistry) the estimation of the molecular weight of a compound by measuring its effect on the freezing point of a solvent Crystal proper noun (given name, female). (slang) The drug Crystal Meth (methamphetamine hydrochloride) CS initialism Computer science controlled substance Child Support Counter-Strike, an FPS computer game (baseball) The statistic "Caught Stealing" CU initialism Credit Union Christian Union (bodies of Christian students in UK schools, colleges and universities) (philately) in stamp descriptions, Commercially Used. (internet slang) phonetic abbreviation of see you. Short for cubic in a variety of English customary units (examples: cubic inch, cubic foot). Control Unit cupreous noun (colour) a reddish-brown color, like that of polished copper. <table><tr><td>cupreous colour:  </td><td bgcolor=" C18842" width="80">  </td></tr></table> adjective of or of the nature of copper (chemistry) containing copper (colour) of a reddish-brown color, like that of polished copper. cupric adjective Of, pertaining to, or derived from, copper; containing copper. (chemistry) Containing copper with an oxidation number of 2 cuprous adjective Of or of the nature of copper. (chemistry) Containing copper with an oxidation number of 1 cure noun a method, device or medication that restores good health a solution to a problem verb (cur, ing) to restore to good health to relieve from a disease or its ill effects to preserve curium noun a transuranic chemical element (symbol Cm) with an atomic number of 96. cyanamide noun (chemistry) A chemical compound, NH₂CN; a white crystalline solid, soluble in water, having many commercial applications including fertilizer (organic compound) Any derivative of this compound in which one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by an alkyl or aryl group cyanate noun (chemistry) Any salt or ester of cyanic acid cyanic adjective (chemistry) Of cyanogen or its derivatives. azure, Azure blue. cyanic acid noun (chemistry) An unstable, highly volatile, poisonous acid, HOCN, used to preapre cyanates; hydrolyzes in water to give ammonia and carbon dioxide cyano noun (chemistry) a univalent functional group, -CN, consisting of a carbon and a nitrogen atom joined with a triple bond; organic compounds containing a cyano group are nitriles cyanogen noun A colourless, poisonous gas used as a rocket propellant, an insecticide and in chemical warfare. (chemistry) The pseudohalogen (CN)₂ or the radical -CN. cyanohydrin noun (chemistry) Any compound having both a hydroxy and a cyanide functional group, especially one having these groups attached to the same carbon atom. cyanuric adjective (chemistry) of, related to, or derived from cyanuric acid cyanuric acid noun (or 1,3,5-triazinetriol etc) (chemistry) An aromatic heterocyclic organic compound, C₃N₃(OH)₃, that decomposes on heating to form cyanic acid cyclamic acid noun (chemistry) A white crystalline organic compound, cyclohexane-sulphamic acid, whose salts, the cyclamates, have been used as artificial sweeteners cyclic adjective Characterized by, or moving in cycles, or happening at regular intervals The weather had a pattern of rain and sun. (chemistry) Of a compound having chains of atoms arranged in a ring Benzene and cyclohexane are both compounds. (botany) Having parts arranged in a whorl (mathematics) (of a group) being generated by only one element cyclization noun (chemistry) The process of cyclize, cyclizing, of becoming or causing to become aromatic. 1936, Aristid V. Grosse, "Dehydrogenation of Hydrocarbons", US Patent 2148129 http://www.google.com/patents?id=leFGAAAAEBAJ, page 1: "The dehydrogenation reactions may involve isomerization and as well as the formation of olefins and unsaturated compounds generally." (chemistry) Any reaction that results in the formation of a ring. 1962, Rudolph J. Angelo, "Linearly Fused Polycyclic Polymers and Process", US Patent 3245974 http://www.google.com/patents?id=CTplAAAAEBAJ, page 2 col. 5: "It is convenient to run the cyclizations at a temperature between 25Â° C. and 100Â° C." cycloaddition noun (organic chemistry) An addition reaction that leads to the formation of a cyclic product. cyclohexane noun (organic compound) An alicyclic hydrocarbon, C₆H₁₂, consisting of a ring of six carbon atoms; a volatile liquid. cycloparaffin noun (chemistry) a cycloalkane cyclopentadiene noun (chemistry) an unsaturated cyclic hydrocarbon, C₅H₆; it forms complexes with some transition elements cyclopentane noun (chemistry) An alicyclic hydrocarbon, C₅H₁₀; a volatile inflammable liquid, sometimes used as a solvent.

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